Plant kingdom class11th short note chapter-3

Plant Kingdom Classification Class 11 Notes PDF Download Chart,Di Chapter 3 Plant Kingdom

Plant Kingdom Classification Class 11 Notes
PDF Download Chart,Diagram

1-	�Phylogeny	-		Evolutionary history of organism .
2-	�Zoospores	-		Motile spores with flagella .
3-	Gametophyte	-		Haploid stage of plant, producing gametes.
4-	Sporophyte	-		Diploid stage of plants producing spores.
5-	Archegonium	-		Female reproductive structure.
6-	Antheridium	-		Male reproductive structure.
7-	Megasporangium	-		The structure which bears megaspores.
8-	Sporophyll	-		Leaf bearing sporangia producing spores.

	-	Numerical taxonomy	-		based on several features compared collectively by computer.
	-	Cytotaxonomy	-		based on cytological features.
	-	Chemotaxonomy	-		based on chemical constituent.
Algae �
	-	Group of chlorophyllous, simple, thalloid plants.
	-	Largely aquatic, grow on soil, stone, wood etc or symbiotic.
	-	Unicellular to large filamentous.

Economically useful as-

a) Large photo synthesiser, release 02 .
b)Food for aquatic animals, humans.
c)Produce Algin (Brown algae), carrageen (red algae), agar (gelidium, gracilaria)

- Chlorella, Spirullina- in space travel as protein rich food.

Chlorophyceae	Phaeophyceae	Rhodophyceae
- Green algae chlorophyll a&b dominant. Unicellular to filamentous. - Chloroplast of different shape( cup, spiral, ribbon) with pyrenoids . - Stored food starch. - Reproduction � vegetative-fragmentation Asexual - by zoospores - Sexual - by gametes(iso, �aniso �and oogamus). - egVolvox, Ulothrix, Spirogyra, Chara etc.	-Brown algae. - Xanthophyl, Fucoxanthin dominant others are chl. a, c cartenoid. - Simple �branched �filamentous �to profusely branched large body. - Gelatinous coating on cell wall. - Stored�food�Mannitoland Laminarin.Reproduction - Vegetative by fragmentation Asexual�By�biflagellate�(lateral) zoospores. Sexual�by �gametes(Iso, Aniso �and Oogamy). - eg. Laminaria,Sargassum.	- �phycoerythrin �(dominant) �and others chlorophyll a and d. - Marine�on surface or�in great depths, multi cellular. - Stored food � Floridean starch. -Red algae - Reproduction Vegetative by fragmentation Asexual by non motile spores Sexual by oogamy. - eg. Gracilaria, Gelidium

Bryophytes ( Amphibians of plant Kingdom) � 

 Group of autotrophic plants with thallus having true roots, stem and leaves with multi cellular sex organs.
 Occurs on damp, humid and shaded soil.
 Root like rhizoids� present.
-Main plant body gametophyte bears Antheridia and Archegonia. Biflagellate antherozoids produced from Antheridium and reach through water to egg in Archegonium.
-Zygote forms sporophyte which produces haploid spores to give rise to new plants.

Types of Bryophytes

Liverworts

Mosses

1.Thallus�dorsiventrally flattened�(Liver shaped), leafy members with leaf like appendages. 2. Asexual reproduction by fragmentation , gemmae formation. 3.Sexual reproduction - antheridia and archegonia produced. 4. Antherozoids fuse with egg to form zygote which give rise to Sporophyte. 5. Sporophyte - with foot, seta & capsule. 6. Spores�give rise to new plant (gametophyte). eg. Riccia, Marchantia etc. Marchantia

- Thallus : Two stages (gametophyte) � (a) �Thread �like �Protonema �(b)erect �Leafy stage. 1. Reproduction : Vegetative by Fragmentation of protonema & Sexual by antherozoids &egg. 2. Zygote forms Sporophyte �with foot, seta &capsule. -Sporophyte forms spores which germinate to form protonema. eg. Funaria, Polytrichum etc. Funaria

	Pteridophyte:
		-	Group of first terrestrial plants having vascular tissue viz. Xylem & Phloem.
		-	True stem, root & leaf.
		-	Found on damp, shady places.  Sporophyte makes main plant body.
		-	Sporophylls of Sporophyte bear sporangia (sori) onventral side producing haploid spores.
		-	spores give rise to Prothallus which is leafy & autotrophic.
		-	Prothallus bears sex organs � male � Antheridium and female- Archegonium.
		-	Fertilisation leads into zygote formation which produces diploid Sporophyte.
	Heterospory and Seed habit:
		-	Two types of spores Microspore and Megaspore are produced in some members viz. Selaginella, Salvinia.
		-	called Heterospory.
		-	Heterospory is considered as begining of seed habit in terrestrial plants.
			eg. Pteris, Dryopteris etc.
	GYMNOSPERMS
		-	Medium sized trees and shrubs.
		-	Main plant body Sporophyte
		-	In some members roots may have fungal association called Mycorrhiza.
	-bilus.
		-	Microspore i.e. pollens reaches to ovules.Pollen tubes help to transfer male gametes up to egg of archegonia present in female gametophyte of ovule.
			Zygote develops in an embryo inside seed
		-	e.g. Cycas, Pinus ,Cedrusetc.
	ANGIOSPERMS
			Large no. of plants in varied habitats, small microscopic plants (Wolfia) to large trees
		-	Group of plants having covered seeds in fruits.
		-	Produce flowers having reproductive organs.
		-	Most evolved plants.

-Androecium �is �male �part �and �one �unit �is stamen.
-Gynoecium �is �female �part �and �one �unit �is carpel and has ovules.
-Ovule bears embryo sac.
-Embryo sac is seven celled and has Egg �

01 ���haploid. Synergids�
02 ��� haploid. Antipodals������������� �
03 -� haploid. Secondary nucleus��
04 �� diploid.

-Reproduction by vegetative and sexual methods.
-In sexual reproduction pollens shed off and reach to stigma of Gynoecium by pollination.
-Pollen germinates to form pollen tube with two male gametes and one tube nucleus.
-One �gamete �fuses �with �egg �(Syngamy) �and �other �with �secondary �nucleus �to �form �PEN �(primary endosperm nucleus). The whole process is called Double fertilization.
-Zygote forms embryo and PEN forms Endosperm in ovule which changes into seed inside fruit.
-Ovary wall changes into Pericarp (fruit wall).
-Alternation of generation occours.

Plant life cycle and alternation of Generation �

-Alternate stages of haploid (n) and Diploid (2n) phase in life cycle of plants.

- Three Patterns -

Haplontic	Diplontic	Haplodiplontic
- �Dominating� phase haploid (n). -only zygote diploid (2n). -Haploid� �spores� �form� �the main plant body eg.����� Algae����� viz.��������� Ulothrix,Spirogyra �etc.	-Dominating� �phase� �diploid (2n). -Haploid phase only in single cell or few celled gametophyte. -Zygote forms embryo which forms Sporophyte (main plant body). eg.������������������ � Gymnosperms& Angiosperms	-Intermediate� �i.e.haploid �& diploid stages equal. -Gametophyte & Sporophyte stages both may be free living. eg. Bryophytes & Pteridophyte.