Biological classification class 11th short note chapter-2

Biological Classification Kingdoms PDF Animals Notes Download Fr Chapter 2 Biological Classification

Biological Classification Kingdoms
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Terms Revision:

1.	Thallus	:	Plant body without true stem, root & Leaf.
2.	Plankton	:	Organism living in salty areas.
3.	Halophiles	:	Plants floating passively in water current.
4.	Chemosynthetic	:	Using chemical reactions as energy source
5.	Heterotrophic	:	Unable to synthesise own food and dependent on others for food.
6.	Pathogenic	:	Main body of slime mould.
7.	Plasmodium	:	Organism feeding on dead & decaying organic matter.
8.	Saprophyte	:	Organism which depend on living host for food
9.	Parasite	:	Two organisms living together
10.	Symbionts	:	benifitting each other.
11.	Plasmogamy	:	Fusion of cytoplasm.
1.	Karyogamy�	:	Fusion of nuclei.
2.	Dikaryon����	:	A cell with two nuclei.
3.	Dikaryophase	:	Stage of fungus with dikaryotic cells.
4.	Isogamous��	:	: Morphologically identical gametes
5.	Anisogamous���	:	Morphologically non identical Gametes.
6.	Oogamous�������	:	Female gamete oosphere and Male gamete motile.

LET US LEARN THE LESSON

Introduction :

1.Aristotle classified organisms for the first time.
2. Two kingdom system includes � Plantae &Animalia.

Demerits of Two Kingdom 1.system

1. No difference in Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes.
2.Heterotrophic Fungi kept in Plantae.
3. Five �kingdom �system �is �given �by R.H �Whittaker �(1969) �viz. �Monera, �Protista, �Fungi, �Plantae �and Animalia.

Kingdom Monera �

1. Prokaryotic unicellular organisms.
2. Most abundant.
3. Also live in extreme habitats viz. Hotsprings, Snow etc. as endoparasite etc.
4. eg. Bacteria.
- Some bacteria are autotrophic others are heterotrophic.

Archaebacteria �

    - Cellwall different from other bacteria.

    - Live in most harsh habitats eg. Halophile.

    - Methanogens are found in the gut of ruminants and produce methane (CH₄) gas.

Eubacteria �

    - True bacteria.

    - Rigid cellwall with or without flagellum.

    - Cyanobacteria( Blue green algae) are also included in this group.

    - Cyanobacteria are Photosynthetic autotrophs, unicellular, colonial or filamentous, with gelatinous sheath.

    - Have Heterocyst for N₂fixation eg. Nostoc, Anabaena, Oscillatoria, Rivularia, Gloeotrichia etc.

    - Mostly bacteria are Heterotrophs and are useful and harmful both to humans.

-Reproduction occurs by fission. Also by primitive type of sexual reproduction, �by transferring DNA piece from one bacterial cell(+ strain) to other (- strain) (called cell Transduction).

Mycoplasma �

    - Smallest unicellular anaerobic organisms having no cellwall.

    - Pathogenic in plants and animals.

Kingdom Protista �

    - Unicellular eukaryotes.

    - Primarily aquatic.

    - Some have cilia and flagella.

    - Reproduction sexual and asexual both.

Crysophytes �

    - Fresh water or marine microscopic Planktons.

    - Mostly photosynthetic and cheif producer in ocean eg. Diatomsand Golden algae (Desmids).

    - Diatoms with cellwalls in two halves having Silica (indistructible).

    - Diatomaceous earth is formed by cellwall �deposits of Diatoms and used in polishing, filtration of oils and syrups, fire bricks and explosives.

Dinofagellates �

    - Marine.

    - Photosynthetic yellow , green, blue, brown or red in colour.

    - One longitudinal and other transverse two flagella.

    - Gonyaulax causes Red tides.

Euglenoids �

    - Fresh water forms.

    - No cellwall, outer most layer pellicle.

    - Two unequal flagella.

    - Photosynthetic but also heterotrophic in absence of light ( Mixotroph).

eg. Euglena.

Slime moulds �

    - Saprophytes.

    - Body is an aggregation called �Plasmodium? ( multinucleate, without cellwall, irregular in shape and can �spreadover several feet ).

    - Plasmodium produces fruiting body having spores with walls which are highly resistant and spread through wind.

Protozoans �

- Fresh water or marine unicellular heterotrophs.
- Primitive relative of animals.strong
(a) Amoeboid Protozoans �

- Free living or parasites.

- Pseudopodia (false feet) formed eg. Amoeba ,Entamoeba.

Flagellated Protozoans �

- Free living or Parasitic with flagella eg.Trypanosoma( causessleeping sickness).

1. Ciliated Protozoans �
-  With cilia eg. Paramecium(sleeper animalcule).

(d) Sporozoans �- Spore like stage in life eg. Plasmodium vivax.

Kingdom Fungi �

- Fungi are a group of achlorophyllous, heterotrophic organisms with cell wall without cellulose.

- Saprophyte or Parasite or Symbiotic.

- Useful and Harmful both.

- Prefer to grow in warm and humid places.

- Unicellular (eg. Yeast) to multicellular filamentous body called mycelium.    

- One unit of �mycelium called hypha .

- Mycelia maybe coenocytic (no septum) or septate.

- Lichens :� Symbiotic association of fungus and algae.

- Mycorrhiza ;� Symbiotic association of fungi with root of higher plants eg. Pinus.

-   Reproduction :�Vegetative : by fragmentation and by spores.Sexual: by gametes.

- Three steps in sexual reproduction

1. Plasmogamy :� fusion of protoplasm.
2 .Karyogamy :- fusion of nuclei.

3. Meiosis of zygote.

Phycomycetes �

- Grow on aquatic places or decaying wood or damp places or obligate parasite.
- Mycelium aseptate, coenocytic.- Reproduction - asexual by zoospores or aplanospores. Sexual by zygospores.

Ascomycets (sac fungi)-

-Unicellular (eg. Yeast) or multicellular
-Saprophytic or parasitic.

-Maybe coprophillus (growing on dung) eg. peziza.
-Mycelium septate and branched.

-Reproduction � asexual by exogenously produced conidia.
-sexually by Ascospares produced in asci present in fruiting body called Ascocarp.

-egAspergillus, Claviceps, Neurospora, Saccharomyces (yeast) etc.

Basidiomycetes (club fungi) �

- Grow on soil , logs or parasites ( rusts and smuts).

- Mycelium septate and branched and of two types
- Uninucleate 2) Dikaryophase.

- Reproduction � vegetative by fragmentation sexualby two somatic cells giving rise to Dikaryophase.
- Dikaryophase makes fruiting body Basidiocarp having Basidia.

- Inside basidia (singular basidium)
- Karyogamy and meiosis occours.

- Meiosis results in formation of four basidiopores.

eg. Agaricus (mushroom), Ustilago (smut fungi), Puccinia (rust fungus).

Deuteromycetes (Fungi- imperfectil) �

- It is formed class � Group of Fungi whose complete life cycle is not known.-Saprophyte/parasite , mostly decomposers.- eg. Alternaria, colletotrichum, Trichoderma.

Kingdom Plantae �

- Eukaryotic, chlorophyll bearing autotrophic organisms.

  - Only few members partialheterotrophs eg. �Insectivorus plants (Bladder wort and Venus flytrap).

  - Few parasites eg. Cuscuta

  - Reproduction � vegetative,asexual and sexual.

  - Life cycle shows alternation of generation.

  - eg. Algae, Bryophytes,Pteridophyte, Gymnosperms and Angiosperms.

Kingdom Animalia �
- Eukaryotic, Heterotrophic organisms.
- No chloroplast and no cell wall.

-Holozoic mode of nutrition

- Definite shape and size and capable of locomotion.

Reproduction

- sexual in general

- eg. frog, cockroach, cow, man etc.

- Viruses, Viroids and Lichens
- Viruses Connecting link between living and non living.

- Non cellular structure consisting of protein coat and Nucleic acid

- Can reproduce within a host cell.

- Host cell may be killed.

- Viruses which infect bacteria are called Bacteriophage.

- Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV)-

- Protein coat: - capsid consists of capsomers.

- Viruses can cause diseases viz. Mumps, Small pox, Herpes, Influenza, AIDS etc.

 Viroids

- Free RNA without protein coat.

Lichens

- Composite organisms.

-Symbiotic association between Algae (Phycobiont),Fungi (Mycobiont).