Plant kingdom class11th short note chapter-3

Plant Kingdom Classification Class 11 Notes PDF Download Chart,Di Chapter 3 Plant Kingdom

Plant Kingdom Classification Class 11 Notes
PDF Download Chart,Diagram

1-	�Phylogeny	-		Evolutionary history of organism .
2-	�Zoospores	-		Motile spores with flagella .
3-	Gametophyte	-		Haploid stage of plant, producing gametes.
4-	Sporophyte	-		Diploid stage of plants producing spores.
5-	Archegonium	-		Female reproductive structure.
6-	Antheridium	-		Male reproductive structure.
7-	Megasporangium	-		The structure which bears megaspores.
8-	Sporophyll	-		Leaf bearing sporangia producing spores.

	-	Numerical taxonomy	-		based on several features compared collectively by computer.
	-	Cytotaxonomy	-		based on cytological features.
	-	Chemotaxonomy	-		based on chemical constituent.
Algae �
	-	Group of chlorophyllous, simple, thalloid plants.
	-	Largely aquatic, grow on soil, stone, wood etc or symbiotic.
	-	Unicellular to large filamentous.

Economically useful as-

a) Large photo synthesiser, release 02 .
b)Food for aquatic animals, humans.
c)Produce Algin (Brown algae), carrageen (red algae), agar (gelidium, gracilaria)

- Chlorella, Spirullina- in space travel as protein rich food.

Chlorophyceae	Phaeophyceae	Rhodophyceae
- Green algae chlorophyll a&b dominant. Unicellular to filamentous. - Chloroplast of different shape( cup, spiral, ribbon) with pyrenoids . - Stored food starch. - Reproduction � vegetative-fragmentation Asexual - by zoospores - Sexual - by gametes(iso, �aniso �and oogamus). - egVolvox, Ulothrix, Spirogyra, Chara etc.	-Brown algae. - Xanthophyl, Fucoxanthin dominant others are chl. a, c cartenoid. - Simple �branched �filamentous �to profusely branched large body. - Gelatinous coating on cell wall. - Stored�food�Mannitoland Laminarin.Reproduction - Vegetative by fragmentation Asexual�By�biflagellate�(lateral) zoospores. Sexual�by �gametes(Iso, Aniso �and Oogamy). - eg. Laminaria,Sargassum.	- �phycoerythrin �(dominant) �and others chlorophyll a and d. - Marine�on surface or�in great depths, multi cellular. - Stored food � Floridean starch. -Red algae - Reproduction Vegetative by fragmentation Asexual by non motile spores Sexual by oogamy. - eg. Gracilaria, Gelidium

Bryophytes ( Amphibians of plant Kingdom) � 

 Group of autotrophic plants with thallus having true roots, stem and leaves with multi cellular sex organs.
 Occurs on damp, humid and shaded soil.
 Root like rhizoids� present.
-Main plant body gametophyte bears Antheridia and Archegonia. Biflagellate antherozoids produced from Antheridium and reach through water to egg in Archegonium.
-Zygote forms sporophyte which produces haploid spores to give rise to new plants.

Types of Bryophytes

Liverworts

Mosses

1.Thallus�dorsiventrally flattened�(Liver shaped), leafy members with leaf like appendages. 2. Asexual reproduction by fragmentation , gemmae formation. 3.Sexual reproduction - antheridia and archegonia produced. 4. Antherozoids fuse with egg to form zygote which give rise to Sporophyte. 5. Sporophyte - with foot, seta & capsule. 6. Spores�give rise to new plant (gametophyte). eg. Riccia, Marchantia etc. Marchantia

- Thallus : Two stages (gametophyte) � (a) �Thread �like �Protonema �(b)erect �Leafy stage. 1. Reproduction : Vegetative by Fragmentation of protonema & Sexual by antherozoids &egg. 2. Zygote forms Sporophyte �with foot, seta &capsule. -Sporophyte forms spores which germinate to form protonema. eg. Funaria, Polytrichum etc. Funaria

	Pteridophyte:
		-	Group of first terrestrial plants having vascular tissue viz. Xylem & Phloem.
		-	True stem, root & leaf.
		-	Found on damp, shady places.  Sporophyte makes main plant body.
		-	Sporophylls of Sporophyte bear sporangia (sori) onventral side producing haploid spores.
		-	spores give rise to Prothallus which is leafy & autotrophic.
		-	Prothallus bears sex organs � male � Antheridium and female- Archegonium.
		-	Fertilisation leads into zygote formation which produces diploid Sporophyte.
	Heterospory and Seed habit:
		-	Two types of spores Microspore and Megaspore are produced in some members viz. Selaginella, Salvinia.
		-	called Heterospory.
		-	Heterospory is considered as begining of seed habit in terrestrial plants.
			eg. Pteris, Dryopteris etc.
	GYMNOSPERMS
		-	Medium sized trees and shrubs.
		-	Main plant body Sporophyte
		-	In some members roots may have fungal association called Mycorrhiza.
	-bilus.
		-	Microspore i.e. pollens reaches to ovules.Pollen tubes help to transfer male gametes up to egg of archegonia present in female gametophyte of ovule.
			Zygote develops in an embryo inside seed
		-	e.g. Cycas, Pinus ,Cedrusetc.
	ANGIOSPERMS
			Large no. of plants in varied habitats, small microscopic plants (Wolfia) to large trees
		-	Group of plants having covered seeds in fruits.
		-	Produce flowers having reproductive organs.
		-	Most evolved plants.

-Androecium �is �male �part �and �one �unit �is stamen.
-Gynoecium �is �female �part �and �one �unit �is carpel and has ovules.
-Ovule bears embryo sac.
-Embryo sac is seven celled and has Egg �

01 ���haploid. Synergids�
02 ��� haploid. Antipodals������������� �
03 -� haploid. Secondary nucleus��
04 �� diploid.

-Reproduction by vegetative and sexual methods.
-In sexual reproduction pollens shed off and reach to stigma of Gynoecium by pollination.
-Pollen germinates to form pollen tube with two male gametes and one tube nucleus.
-One �gamete �fuses �with �egg �(Syngamy) �and �other �with �secondary �nucleus �to �form �PEN �(primary endosperm nucleus). The whole process is called Double fertilization.
-Zygote forms embryo and PEN forms Endosperm in ovule which changes into seed inside fruit.
-Ovary wall changes into Pericarp (fruit wall).
-Alternation of generation occours.

Plant life cycle and alternation of Generation �

-Alternate stages of haploid (n) and Diploid (2n) phase in life cycle of plants.

- Three Patterns -

Haplontic	Diplontic	Haplodiplontic
- �Dominating� phase haploid (n). -only zygote diploid (2n). -Haploid� �spores� �form� �the main plant body eg.����� Algae����� viz.��������� Ulothrix,Spirogyra �etc.	-Dominating� �phase� �diploid (2n). -Haploid phase only in single cell or few celled gametophyte. -Zygote forms embryo which forms Sporophyte (main plant body). eg.������������������ � Gymnosperms& Angiosperms	-Intermediate� �i.e.haploid �& diploid stages equal. -Gametophyte & Sporophyte stages both may be free living. eg. Bryophytes & Pteridophyte.

Biological classification class 11th short note chapter-2

Biological Classification Kingdoms PDF Animals Notes Download Fr Chapter 2 Biological Classification

Biological Classification Kingdoms
PDF Free Download Notes

Terms Revision:

1.	Thallus	:	Plant body without true stem, root & Leaf.
2.	Plankton	:	Organism living in salty areas.
3.	Halophiles	:	Plants floating passively in water current.
4.	Chemosynthetic	:	Using chemical reactions as energy source
5.	Heterotrophic	:	Unable to synthesise own food and dependent on others for food.
6.	Pathogenic	:	Main body of slime mould.
7.	Plasmodium	:	Organism feeding on dead & decaying organic matter.
8.	Saprophyte	:	Organism which depend on living host for food
9.	Parasite	:	Two organisms living together
10.	Symbionts	:	benifitting each other.
11.	Plasmogamy	:	Fusion of cytoplasm.
1.	Karyogamy�	:	Fusion of nuclei.
2.	Dikaryon����	:	A cell with two nuclei.
3.	Dikaryophase	:	Stage of fungus with dikaryotic cells.
4.	Isogamous��	:	: Morphologically identical gametes
5.	Anisogamous���	:	Morphologically non identical Gametes.
6.	Oogamous�������	:	Female gamete oosphere and Male gamete motile.

LET US LEARN THE LESSON

Introduction :

1.Aristotle classified organisms for the first time.
2. Two kingdom system includes � Plantae &Animalia.

Demerits of Two Kingdom 1.system

1. No difference in Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes.
2.Heterotrophic Fungi kept in Plantae.
3. Five �kingdom �system �is �given �by R.H �Whittaker �(1969) �viz. �Monera, �Protista, �Fungi, �Plantae �and Animalia.

Kingdom Monera �

1. Prokaryotic unicellular organisms.
2. Most abundant.
3. Also live in extreme habitats viz. Hotsprings, Snow etc. as endoparasite etc.
4. eg. Bacteria.
- Some bacteria are autotrophic others are heterotrophic.

Archaebacteria �

    - Cellwall different from other bacteria.

    - Live in most harsh habitats eg. Halophile.

    - Methanogens are found in the gut of ruminants and produce methane (CH₄) gas.

Eubacteria �

    - True bacteria.

    - Rigid cellwall with or without flagellum.

    - Cyanobacteria( Blue green algae) are also included in this group.

    - Cyanobacteria are Photosynthetic autotrophs, unicellular, colonial or filamentous, with gelatinous sheath.

    - Have Heterocyst for N₂fixation eg. Nostoc, Anabaena, Oscillatoria, Rivularia, Gloeotrichia etc.

    - Mostly bacteria are Heterotrophs and are useful and harmful both to humans.

-Reproduction occurs by fission. Also by primitive type of sexual reproduction, �by transferring DNA piece from one bacterial cell(+ strain) to other (- strain) (called cell Transduction).

Mycoplasma �

    - Smallest unicellular anaerobic organisms having no cellwall.

    - Pathogenic in plants and animals.

Kingdom Protista �

    - Unicellular eukaryotes.

    - Primarily aquatic.

    - Some have cilia and flagella.

    - Reproduction sexual and asexual both.

Crysophytes �

    - Fresh water or marine microscopic Planktons.

    - Mostly photosynthetic and cheif producer in ocean eg. Diatomsand Golden algae (Desmids).

    - Diatoms with cellwalls in two halves having Silica (indistructible).

    - Diatomaceous earth is formed by cellwall �deposits of Diatoms and used in polishing, filtration of oils and syrups, fire bricks and explosives.

Dinofagellates �

    - Marine.

    - Photosynthetic yellow , green, blue, brown or red in colour.

    - One longitudinal and other transverse two flagella.

    - Gonyaulax causes Red tides.

Euglenoids �

    - Fresh water forms.

    - No cellwall, outer most layer pellicle.

    - Two unequal flagella.

    - Photosynthetic but also heterotrophic in absence of light ( Mixotroph).

eg. Euglena.

Slime moulds �

    - Saprophytes.

    - Body is an aggregation called �Plasmodium? ( multinucleate, without cellwall, irregular in shape and can �spreadover several feet ).

    - Plasmodium produces fruiting body having spores with walls which are highly resistant and spread through wind.

Protozoans �

- Fresh water or marine unicellular heterotrophs.
- Primitive relative of animals.strong
(a) Amoeboid Protozoans �

- Free living or parasites.

- Pseudopodia (false feet) formed eg. Amoeba ,Entamoeba.

Flagellated Protozoans �

- Free living or Parasitic with flagella eg.Trypanosoma( causessleeping sickness).

1. Ciliated Protozoans �
-  With cilia eg. Paramecium(sleeper animalcule).

(d) Sporozoans �- Spore like stage in life eg. Plasmodium vivax.

Kingdom Fungi �

- Fungi are a group of achlorophyllous, heterotrophic organisms with cell wall without cellulose.

- Saprophyte or Parasite or Symbiotic.

- Useful and Harmful both.

- Prefer to grow in warm and humid places.

- Unicellular (eg. Yeast) to multicellular filamentous body called mycelium.    

- One unit of �mycelium called hypha .

- Mycelia maybe coenocytic (no septum) or septate.

- Lichens :� Symbiotic association of fungus and algae.

- Mycorrhiza ;� Symbiotic association of fungi with root of higher plants eg. Pinus.

-   Reproduction :�Vegetative : by fragmentation and by spores.Sexual: by gametes.

- Three steps in sexual reproduction

1. Plasmogamy :� fusion of protoplasm.
2 .Karyogamy :- fusion of nuclei.

3. Meiosis of zygote.

Phycomycetes �

- Grow on aquatic places or decaying wood or damp places or obligate parasite.
- Mycelium aseptate, coenocytic.- Reproduction - asexual by zoospores or aplanospores. Sexual by zygospores.

Ascomycets (sac fungi)-

-Unicellular (eg. Yeast) or multicellular
-Saprophytic or parasitic.

-Maybe coprophillus (growing on dung) eg. peziza.
-Mycelium septate and branched.

-Reproduction � asexual by exogenously produced conidia.
-sexually by Ascospares produced in asci present in fruiting body called Ascocarp.

-egAspergillus, Claviceps, Neurospora, Saccharomyces (yeast) etc.

Basidiomycetes (club fungi) �

- Grow on soil , logs or parasites ( rusts and smuts).

- Mycelium septate and branched and of two types
- Uninucleate 2) Dikaryophase.

- Reproduction � vegetative by fragmentation sexualby two somatic cells giving rise to Dikaryophase.
- Dikaryophase makes fruiting body Basidiocarp having Basidia.

- Inside basidia (singular basidium)
- Karyogamy and meiosis occours.

- Meiosis results in formation of four basidiopores.

eg. Agaricus (mushroom), Ustilago (smut fungi), Puccinia (rust fungus).

Deuteromycetes (Fungi- imperfectil) �

- It is formed class � Group of Fungi whose complete life cycle is not known.-Saprophyte/parasite , mostly decomposers.- eg. Alternaria, colletotrichum, Trichoderma.

Kingdom Plantae �

- Eukaryotic, chlorophyll bearing autotrophic organisms.

  - Only few members partialheterotrophs eg. �Insectivorus plants (Bladder wort and Venus flytrap).

  - Few parasites eg. Cuscuta

  - Reproduction � vegetative,asexual and sexual.

  - Life cycle shows alternation of generation.

  - eg. Algae, Bryophytes,Pteridophyte, Gymnosperms and Angiosperms.

Kingdom Animalia �
- Eukaryotic, Heterotrophic organisms.
- No chloroplast and no cell wall.

-Holozoic mode of nutrition

- Definite shape and size and capable of locomotion.

Reproduction

- sexual in general

- eg. frog, cockroach, cow, man etc.

- Viruses, Viroids and Lichens
- Viruses Connecting link between living and non living.

- Non cellular structure consisting of protein coat and Nucleic acid

- Can reproduce within a host cell.

- Host cell may be killed.

- Viruses which infect bacteria are called Bacteriophage.

- Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV)-

- Protein coat: - capsid consists of capsomers.

- Viruses can cause diseases viz. Mumps, Small pox, Herpes, Influenza, AIDS etc.

 Viroids

- Free RNA without protein coat.

Lichens

- Composite organisms.

-Symbiotic association between Algae (Phycobiont),Fungi (Mycobiont).

The living world class 11th short note. Chapter-1

The living world.  Class-11

Short note

TERMS REVISION

1. Diversity : Large variety of anything.
2. Biodiversity : Large variety of organisms.
3. Nomenclature: Scientific naming of organisms.
4. Identification : Correct description of organism prior to nomenclature.
5. Classification : Grouping of organisms in to categories on the basis of similarities & differences.
6. Taxon : Concrete biological object or category of classification.

1. Taxonomy : Process of classification of organisms.
2. Systematics : branch of biology dealing with taxonomy along with evolutionary relationship between organisms.
3. Species : Group of Individual organisms with fundamental
similarities (with capacity if sexually reproducing).

LET US LEARN THE LESSON

What is Living?

-Objects having characteristics of cellular organisation,growth,reproduction,ability to sense environment & give response, metabolism etc.

All organisms grow:

-Increase in mass or number of cells characterise growth.
-plants grow throughout life.
-Animals grow to certain age .
-Non living objects also grow externally by accumulation of material on surface.
-Living objects grow from inside.
-Growth cannot be considered as defining property of living beings.
NB : There are certain examples in which mass is decreased during growth eg. Germinating potato tuber.

Reproduction:

-Characteristics of living beings to produce progenies possessing features of their own type.
-Reproduction is of sexual& asexual type.
-Fungi produce spores for asexual reproduction.
-Organism viz. Planaria reproduce by regeneration in which a fragment of body forms whole organism.
-Fungi,filamentousalgae,protonema of moss reproduce by fragmentation also.
-In unicellular organisms growth & reproduction are synonymous.

1. Certain organisms do not reproduce viz. mule ,worker bees, infertile human couple.

-Hence reproduction cannot be considered as defining property of living beings.

Metabolism:

-Several chemical reactions occur in living organisms.-Some of these reactions are anabolic others are catabolic.
-All the reactions together are called metabolic reactions & process is called metabolism.
-It has no exception.

-It is defining property of living beings.

Cellular organisation: 

-living organisms consist of cells & their products.

-It is defining property of living beings.

Consciousness: Ability to sense environment & respond to environmental factors
-Living beings sense& respond to environmental factors viz. Light,water,temperature,other organisms, pollutants etc.

-It is defining property of organisms.

Living organisms can be considered as self replicating, evolving & self-regulating interactive systems capable of responding to external stimuli.

Diversity in the living world:
-Described number of species range 1.7-1.8 million.
-Local names of organisms may not be applied at global level.
-Scientific names are given to organisms after identification, acceptable at global level.
-Nomenclature is done as per criteria given in ICBN (International code for botanical nomenclature)& ICZN (International code for zoological nomenclature)
-Binomial nomenclature was given by CAROLUS LINNAEUS.

1.First word is Generic name & second word is Specific epithet in scientific name of organism.

-Names are in Latin or Latinised word.
-Names, if hand written are separately underlined & if printed, are italicised.
-First word starts with capital letter & second word with small letter. Example: Mangifera indica (Mango)
-Name of author in last as abbreviation.
-For ease of study organisms are classified into groups or categories known as taxa.

1.eg. Taxon may be Dogs, Mammals, wheat, Rice etc.

-Process of classification into different taxa is called taxonomy.
-Identification, classification, nomenclature are basic to taxonomy.
-Systematics studies evolutionary relationship between organisms.

Taxonomic categories :

-Each rank or category of classification is termed as taxonomic category.
-Arrangement of categories in sequence is termed as Taxonomic Hierarchy.

Taxonomical Hierarchy

Species: Group of organisms with fundamental similarities. eg. Mangiferaindica
In this species is indica.
Genus: Group of realated specieswith common characters.
eg. Panthera is a genus which includes lion(Pantheraleo),leopard(Pantherapardus) & Tiger (Pantheratigris).
Family: Group of realated genera .
eg. Genus Solanum,Petunia&Datura� belong to one family Solanaceae.
Order :� Group of related families.
eg. FamaliesConvolvulaceae,Solanaceae belong to one order- Polymoniales.
Class �: Group of related orders.
eg. Order Primata&Carnivora belong to one class Mammalia.
Phylum: Group of related classes.
eg. Class Mammalia, Pisces,Amphibia,Reptilia belong to one phylum -Chordata.
Kingdom: Group of all related Phyla.
eg. Kingdom Animalia-includes all animals.

Organisms with their Taxonomic Categories

Common Name	Biological Name	Genus	Family	Order	Class	Phylum/Division
Man	Homo sapiens	Homo	Hominidae	Primata	Mammalia	Chordata
Housefly	Musca domestica	Musca domestica	Muscidae	Diptera	Insecta	Arthropoda
Mango	Mangifera indica	Mangifera	Anacardiaceae	Sapinda les	Dicotyledonae	Angiospermae
Wheat	Triticuma estivum	Triticum	Poaceae	Poales	Monocotyledonae	Angiospermae

Taxonomical Aids

-Articles helpful in correct identification & classification of organisms are called taxonomical aids.

1-Herbarium:

1.Store house of collected plant specimens that are dried, pressed & preserved on sheets.

-Sheets are arranged according to universally accepted classification system.
-used as ready reference in scientific studies.

2. Botanical Gardens :

Collection of various living plant species in form of garden for identification purpose
-Used for identification of plants.
-Example: Royal Botanical Garden at Kew, England, Indian Botanical Garden Howrah, National Botanical Research Institute Lucknow etc.

3-Museum :

-Collection of preserved plant &animal specimens.
-Specimens may be preserved in preservative solutions viz.Formalin (40%).
-Specimens may also be preserved as dry specimenseg. Insects and stuffed large animals.
-Skeleton of animals may be also as museum specimen.
-Used as actual material for study and identification.

Zoological Parks: 

Place where wild animals are kept in protected environment under human care . eg. Alipur zoo, Kolkata, West Bengal
National Zoological Park of New Delhi

1. Used as aid to learn about food habits and behaviour, Life cycle.

Key :

Taxonomical aid based on contrasting characters called as couplet

1. Couplet has two opposite statements, each called lead.
2. Separate keys for separate taxonomic categories needed.
3. Used to classify organism.

Flora :

Actual account of habitat & distribution of plant species in an area.

Manual :

�Have description of species in an area.
� Used for getting information foridentification of names.

Monograph :

1. Has information of any one taxon.
2. Used for classification purpose.